Origins of Psychology Essay

This theory was developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900’s and paved the way for modern psychology in the early 1900’s. This theory deals with the deep, inner and mysterious core of the human psyche, in search of understanding the psychology of the human being. It is also closely connected with evolutionary perspectives on personality. Behaviorist : The primary focus of the behavioral perspective is on behavior and the influence of the external environment in shaping of the individual’s behavior. Teaching, therefore, refers to the environmental conditions that are arranged and presented to students. Some of the key behaviorist theorists in the field of psychology are viz. , John Watson, B. F. Skinner, and E. L. Thorndike. Teachers who draw from behaviorist theory tend towards active learning (or â€Å"learning by doing†). The teacher determines all of the skills needed to achieve the desired behavior and students learn them in a step-by-step manner. Humanist : The focus of the humanistic perspective is on the self, which translates into â€Å"YOU†, and â€Å"your† perception of â€Å"your† experiences. This veiw argues that you are free to choose your own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforcers. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfillment, and needs are paramount. The major focus is to facilitate personal development. Two major theorists associated with this view are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Cognitive : The school of psychology that examines internal mental processes, such as creativity, perception, thinking, problem solving, memory, and language. Cognitive psychologists are interested in how a person understands, diagnoses, and solves a problem, concerning themselves with the mental processes that mediate between stimulus and response (Garvey,1999) Neuro-scientific / Bio-psychological : The neuro-scientific framework seeks to relate behavior and mind to the brain. The important overall point of a neuro-scientific perspective is that analyses of normal or abnormal function need to be informed by an understanding of the brain structures and processes that implement the function. Psychiatrists need to monitor emerging work that highlights the need for both a neuro-scientific and medical perspective in the management of complex disorders. Evolutionary : Evolutionary psychology is the science that seeks to explain through universal mechanisms of behavior why humans act the way they do. Evolutionary psychology seeks to reconstruct problems that our ancestors faced in their primitive environments, and the problem-solving mechanisms they created to meet those particular challenges. From these reconstructed problem-solving adaptations, the science then attempts to establish the common roots of our ancestral behavior, and how those common behavioral roots are manifested today in the widely scattered cultures of the planet. The goal is to understand human behavior that is universally aimed at the passing of one’s genes into the next generation. Socio-cultural : The social-cultural perspective concentrates on the culture of a group of individuals or society as a whole rather than the individual. To understand why people tend to show certain behavior traits, mental health clinicians look at what affects the community as a group of individuals might have on their own thought processes. Some of the questions pondered are if a person behaves a certain way to be accepted or commits an act because it is accepted amongst their society.

The Monguls

What did the ancient Mongols do? The ancient Mongol empire controlled more land than any other empire and included a very wide range of cultures, peoples, and religions. Everyone knows the name of Chinggis Khan (Genghis Khan) and his reputation as a fierce warrior and brutal conqueror. What you may not know is that he was a very savvy politician. His political skill not only created this tremendous empire, but also saved his people from destruction. He established the system that preserved their lives and their way of life.He and his successors took the system he set up and used it to spread their influence far and wide. So, the Mongols owe Chinggis Khan a debt of gratitude for preserving their lives and culture. We modern Westerners also owe him and his people respect for connecting the inhabitants of Western Europe with Asia and all the many benefits of trade and interaction that brought to the world. The Mongols preserved order in the areas they conquered which made it possible fo r traders to travel safely. This was called Pax Mongolica and was very significant in fostering contact between Europe, China, and all the lands in between.The disintegration of the Pax or Peace is part of the reason that Europeans were motivated to seek out sea routes to China, since it was no longer safe to travel overland. So, in a sense, you can say that the Mongolians are responsible for Christopher Columbus’ discovery of the Americas! Another thing you may not know about Chinggis Khan: he was not as brutal as he has been depicted. He would usually send emissaries ahead to invite a group of people to ally with him or to give him whatever he was seeking. If they agreed, they were typically required to give a certain number of warriors and some goods to the Mongols.If they refused, his warriors would attack mercilessly. However, they typically left women and skilled artisans to continue productive work, rather than totally destroying an area. This is different from some la ter conquerors who would completely annihilate opponents and their territory. Why did the Mongols pursue such extensive conquests? This geography is an important part of the answer to the question: Why did the Mongolians invade their neighbours? To answer this question, we have to know something about how Mongolians lived in the 1200s.Because of their geography, Mongols were usually herders and nomads. Define nomad. Why would herding require nomadism? Mongolians had to be able to move frequently in order to find pasture for their animals, primarily sheep, so they needed mobile housing. They made (and still make) felt from wool and use this felt to make the tent-like rounded houses called ger, or yurts by the Russians. Ger can be set up and taken down quickly and packed to be moved. [4-minute video of contemporary Mongolian felt-making and setting up a ger: http://ragcha. om/mujaan/shorts. html Click on â€Å"Making felt†] Note the horse pulling the felt in order to compact an d flatten it. Facts about gers: http://www. chaingang. org/yurtquest/FAQ. html Many more pictures of gers: http://www. chaingang. org/yurtquest/pics. html You can see that nomadic life isn’t easy. For one thing, it requires cooperation which binds people together, since they depend on each other to help them sustain life. At the same time, this kind of climate and terrain will not provide enough food in any one area to support a large population.This encourages the development of small tribal groups, people who can depend on each other but who do not have too large a footprint on the environment, since they will survive best when they are not all together. If a herd gets too large, it will destroy the grassland and not be able to graze in one place. Also, this climate makes it difficult to accumulate a large enough surplus that you could afford to pay someone else for services. For one thing, you would need to move everything you owned. It was not possible to stockpile any su rplus, even if it were possible to accumulate some in a particularly good year.In the conditions of this harsh nomadic life, it was not possible to create a social class of artisans who would manufacture goods. People were needed for herding and moving. And although there was some very limited agriculture, it was not possible for Mongolians to rely on farming for foodstuffs either. What do you think are typical Mongolian foods? [Animal products predominate – meat, milk products. Berries and vegetation that grows wild or with very little cultivation play less of a role in the traditional diet. ] This video clip shows men working on the felt and the ger.Of course, it is set in contemporary time, not in ancient Mongolia. In ancient Mongolia raiding other tribes or settlements in neighboring areas was an important part of the economy. Of course, raiding isn’t part of Mongolian culture now, but it was back then. If military might, necessary both to raid and to protect your own tribe, were such an essential part of your society, how would it affect the culture? One thing that contributed to Mongolian military success was the fact that the men were always ready and available for war.In order for that to be true, women had to take on many of the jobs that men do in other societies. Along with greater responsibility, the woman also had more rights and privileges than was common in other East Asian societies at that time. For example, they had the right to own property and to divorce. They also were sometimes trained for and participated in the military. We can find many references to women of the Mongol elite in 13th century chronicles from different cultures, including Mongol, Chinese and European. Later on we will discuss some prominent Mongolian women leaders who were very important in China.Raiding wasn’t the only contact they had with settled agricultural society; they also had to trade in order to get many of the goods they needed. Two things happened in the early 1200s to make both nomadism and trading more difficult. One was that the temperature of the steppe declined a little, not enough to threaten human life directly, but enough to affect the fragile balance of the environment and reduce the length of time during the year that grass grew. With less grass, herders had to move. [Refer back to map, climate. ]The other singular development in Mongolia in the early 13th century was the rise of a man called Temujin. He introduced the momentous political innovation of uniting all the Mongolian tribes under his leadership. Previously they had been scattered into separate tribes, a logical political system since the ecosystem would not sustain a large group gathered together, and they had frequent warfare among themselves. But in 1206, after years of preparation, Temujin was named the Great Khan, or ruler over all the tribes at a meeting of tribal elders called a quriltay (koor-ill-tie) or a council.He claimed to have bless ed ancestry and took the name of Chinggis Khan or Ruler of the Universe. His line was established as supreme and having the inherent right to rule. This political development influenced societies in many different areas for hundreds of years. Chinggis Khan took control in a period of economic and political crisis for the Mongolians. Not only was climate change pushing them to move away from their usual areas in search of better pasture. In addition, the northern Chinese ruling dynasty had cut trade with the Mongols.The Chinese did not need Mongolian products – but the Mongols needed to obtain things from the Chinese. In this unequal relationship the Mongolians were vulnerable. Forced by climate to search for better pastures, cut off by their usual trade partners, Mongolians faced severe challenges to their lifestyles and even their lives. These were the conditions when Chinggis Khan took control over a mobile, dedicated and militarily adept population. The stage was set for t he Mongolians to sweep south, east and west throughout Asia and into Europe, conquering as they went.What were the effects of Mongolian control? Intermixing of many different tribes of people and their geographical displacement. When the Mongols conquered a settlement or tribe, particularly of the Turkish nomads who inhabited the steppe to their south and west, they set them up in a military command structure. Conquered men were turned into warriors. Families accompanied warriors, serving as support so that the men were always available for military service and were not required to stay home and work to care for their families’ basic needs.They also intermixed peoples from different areas in each command unit. That way there was less possibility of conquered peoples uniting to revolt. They were turned into mobile military units which would sometimes be left to settle a different conquered area. This had the effect of intermixing ethnic and tribal affiliations so that most of these peoples no longer retained their own distinct culture, but resulted in them adopting their designation as specific units of the Mongols, or hordes. This legacy is still seen in Kazakhstan today, where the Kazakh population is divided into Greater and Lesser Hordes.

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Strategic management - Essay Example partake periodically in personal development plans in order to ensure that they remain relevant to the organization and hence support its changing/ advanced goals and mission. To begin with, the personal development plan will focus on bridging the gap between the current skills of a leader and the leadership development requirements identified in the skills audit (Mackey and Livsey, 2006). Therefore, constructing the personal development plan entails devising a methodology for empowering the leader with skills, knowledge or competencies that he/ she does not presently posses but they have been identified as necessary in the skills audit. This can be achieved by undertaking various modes of learning but since it is a personal development plan, the most appropriate method of learning is self-learning whereby the leader will undertake self-training by either relying on written materials, watching tutorial videos, or working under a mentor who will train him or her on certain set of skills (Tobin, 2000). Besides self-learning method, the leader can as well undertake traditional training by attending classes at reputable learning institutions. According to Irby and Brown (2000), the personal development plan has to be specific in regards to the skills it intends to improve or instill on the leader. Secondly, the plan has to be measurable in the sense that one is able to gauge whether the objectives of the plan have been achieved or not. Thirdly, the plan has to receive consent from relevantd stakeholders i.e. it should not create any controversy. Fourthly, it should be realistic as well as time-bound. As stated in the previous section, the personal development plan should be measurable and one practical method of assessing the outcome against personal work objectives is by assessing the speed and accuracy at which the leader achieves personal work objectives. For example, if the personal development plan was aimed at improving the negotiating skills of a leader then

Critical Summary of a recent journal article in cognitive psychology Essay

Critical Summary of a recent journal article in cognitive psychology. The aim of this is to help students in their critical reading and note taking - Essay Example This article describes the different psychological aspects of how children tend to lie and whether the adults are able to determine if the child is lying or not. It explains a child’s psychology that with age a child starts to determine the concepts and thinking of adults and hence he can successfully lie. In this respect a lengthy research was conducted in which children from the age group of 10 to 13 were chosen and they were interviewed. These interviews were videotaped and shown to observers who were then questioned and data was collected from them to reach to a final result to determine the different verbal and non verbal aspects of a child’s lying and whether the adults could accurately find out if the child was lying or not. The results of the research showed that prepared lies were difficult to be caught than unprepared ones and the reason for this being that the children are able to think and plan the details before lying. It also showed that they could more easily know that the child is telling the truth but it is difficult for them to judge whether he is lying. And last but not the least adults were not good at determining the child’s deception. Regarding the children it was seen that they were equally nervous when they were telling a lie or the truth when facing the interviewer so this could not be considered to be a major factor. One interesting thing which was seen was that the lying patterns of children were somewhat similar to adults as they tried to remain calm and cool while lying and also they were actually trying to relate their lies with real life incidents. The final conclusion that we get is that it is very difficult for an adult to know if a child is lying or not. This poses a serious problem especially when children facing criminal charges are to be questioned. Factors that adults more often consider to check a child’s lie for example the

Music in our life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Music in our life - Essay Example Music gets viewed as type of language or speech. Vocal or instrumental music has the ability to deliver messages to the targeted listeners. Music has the power to poses subtler shades of meaning when compared to the spoken word but yet can display much more emotive forces. The innate ability of human beings to respond to musical tones, beats, rhythm, and pattern makes it possible for music to get used as a form of communication to them (UniOrb, 2011). Different music can communicate various messages to the listeners such as those of love, peace, unity, and even aggression. Music has the ability to produce a variety of positive trends on its listeners. Recent research studies pay tribute to the role of music in a modern branch of medicine called music therapy. This branch in medicine is getting notoriety over its therapeutic claims that music assists in accelerating the pace of recovery among patients undergoing either physical therapy, and or post-operative recuperation. Stimulating or relaxing music has the power to accelerate the recovery pace of patients. However, the ability of music to aid in such recovery relies on the ability of the patient to respond to the music and thus music becomes a form of supplementary recovery. Music has been shown to improve creativity among human beings. Music can serve as a muse and inspire to stimulate and activate individuals’ creative processes. A number of artists credit listening to music as having helped them to produce ingenious creations that they would have not been able to come up with on their own. Multiple studies have also linked music studies to academic achievement. A number of topflight professionals make a connection between their passion for music training and success in professional lives (Lipman, 2013). They credit music for opening up pathways to creative thinking. Music training suggests

HR- Grievance and disciplinary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HR- Grievance and disciplinary - Essay Example The two cases display the picture of what can happen in the real-life contract termination. There can be conflicts among the both parties which can potentially cost millions of pounds to the employer despite his efforts to prevent any breakdown in relationship with the workers and making sure that sanity surrounds the workplace and work environment. The best practice in employee termination is to give an employee proper warnings and compensation on his dismissal. Air Bus has rightly given the warning to Mr. Jones on his wasting time on work. He repeated his misconduct and one can say that Airbus was fair dismissing Mr. Jones. However, on the flipside of it there was no mention of any compensation paid to Mr. Jones. It has become an important norm for large employers like Airbus to pay around three month’s salaries to its employees in case of a dismissal. This would help the outgoing worker to sustain his family for the period for which he remains unemployed. However, there was no such mention of this kind of compensation payment in the case of Airbus and hence Mr. Jones can claim this compensation from the code. Although the law only asks for a lump sump payment, but the industry usually pays around three month’s salary and that should be paid to Mr. Jones. It was right on the part of Airbus to dismiss Mr. Jones a fter he was given second warning for wasting time on work. Although Mr. Jones insisted that the first warning has expired and hence Airbus Ltd cannot fire him. The law on the other hand would approve this firing because it was the second time Mr. Jones has made the same mistake and Airbus was right to penalize him. Hence, the only obligation on Airbus is to follow the market’s best practice and should compensate Mr. Jones for his services to the firm. The second case tells us about a strained relationship between the Chief Executive and Board of

Coca cola Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Coca cola - Essay Example The waste reduction strategies do not reduce current production’s quality level. Initially, the lean production strategy was crafted to cater to the production line of one of Japan’s top selling car models, Toyota. Toyota’s lean production cropped up after World War II. Japan was just recovering from the war loss. Lean production is a continually innovative process. Daily, the production line and staff personnel as well as production management team continue to find ways to reduce production wastes. Lean production reduces the avoidable costs, expenses, and costs associated with typical production processes. The typical production process includes employees accidentally generating avoidable wastes, expenses, and costs to delay the production process and delaying (reducing) revenue generation. Further, the lean production strategy can cover all the business entities’ activities. The activities may include the design of the product as well as the production process. The activities include the production of the company’s saleable or finished products. The activities include the marketing department’s product delivery and selling processes (Jones, 2013). Coke implements several lean production strategies. The strategy significantly reduces production expenses. Initially, coke marketed its quality coke products as having the same taste around the world. To do this, coke used only one water source. The singular source came from only one place. The company exported the coke products to different countries around the world. However, the cost of shipping the coke products increased as the distance between the original home production facilities to the country of destination (Marcotte et al., 2012). Consequently, the higher shipping and production costs of products sold in very far away countries generated a lower net profit than coke products sold in places nearer the production facilities. As the distance between

The core challenges of managing diversity in the workplace today Essay - 1

The core challenges of managing diversity in the workplace today - Essay Example Thus, it is important to consider the behavioral aspects of human resources. As important factor that determines their behavior is their backgrounds, which are unique in several ways. Such uniqueness differentiates one from other; and hence the entire workforce becomes diverse in several respects. This essay addresses the issues arising from managing diverse workforce. To place the essay in a perspective, the following section explores the diverse characteristics of workforce. This essay would subsequently explore how best this diverse workforce could be managed. There are several ways of defining diversity of labor force. In a simplest form, the diversity can be associated with the uniqueness of labor force - as every individual tends to exhibit behavior that is unique to the individual concerned. Ferris, Frink and Galang define diversity as, â€Å".. any attribute that humans are likely to use to tell themselves, ‘that person is different from me† (Ferris, Frink and Galang, 1993, p. 42). In this case, individuals are taken as unit of analysis. Considering the number of labors employed by any organization, it is near impossible to address workforce by taking individuals as a category. This requires some aggregation, and the criteria adopted should reflect the diversity. While the individual differences are important, these authors go on to suggest that the larger factors such as race, sex, age, values, and cultural norms should be taken into account while understanding the diversity of workforce. Thus, Westerns workers become one category; whereas Asian workers become another category. Within Western society, the English workers are different from that of German and French Workers. Thus diversity of workforce can be understood in different ways depending upon the context and the analytical purpose. Within America, there is lots of diversity of workforce due to

Social media marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social media marketing - Essay Example In the context of this view, Web 2.0 does not serve only as a communication tool but also, mainly, as a marketing tool, promoting products or ideas. From this point of view, Web 2.0 has introduced an important change on Internet. Apart from improving the terms of communication between Internet users, Web 2.0 has increased the potentials of Internet to be used as a marketing tool, not necessarily in regard to products/ services but also in regard to specific ideas and social trends. At this point the following issue should be highlighted: Web 2.0 did not reveal the advanced technological potentials of World Wide Web; in fact, the technology required for the development of social networking sites, of virtual world platforms and other features of Web 2.0 has been available earlier, before the appearance of Web 2.0. Through Web 2.0 this technology was used for attracting the interest of Internet users in regard to the benefits and the potentials of online communication, a target that was achieved (Brown, Rob 2). Moreover, it seems that Web 2.0 has responded effectively to the needs of Internet users for interactive communication, but the time required for the achievement of such benefit is often significant (Brown Eileen 7). In this context, Web 2.0 has effectively promoted social media requiring by its users to spend a significant amount of time for becoming familiar with the relevant applications. In regard to the social media and their potential role in the development of a brand the following issues should be highlighted: social media are based on communication among an extended network of users. In fact, popular social networking sites, such as Facebook or Myspace, have millions of... The appearance of World Wide Web, in 1990s, has changed the standards of communication worldwide. In its initial form, World Wide Web offered to its users the potential to enter websites, with ‘static or infrequently changed content’. New features of World Wide Web emerged, that resulted to the establishment of a new form of World Wide Web.In the context of Web 2.0 users were offered’ advanced interactive applications in which users can participate through organizing, distributing and creating their content’ (Cashman and Frydenberg 1). In practice, Web 2.0 includes blogs, wikis and social networking tools’ (Wankel 61). The term Web 2.0 has been often considered as similar to the term ‘social media’ (Wankel 61), reflecting the advanced potentials for social interaction and participation in the creation of web content (Wankel 61). The introduction of Web 2.0 has caused radical changes on Internet and social media. Before the appearance of Web 2.0 the potentials of Internet users in terms of communication were limited; e-mail messages were massively used as the key tool for communicating with other Internet users. Web 2.0 offered to Internet users the chance to communicate through a series of interactive platforms, such as the networking and the microblogging sites, as Facebook and Twitter accordingly (Campesato and Nilson 7). Users can share their views on a particular brand highlighting the benefits or disadvantages of the specific brand.

Judith Butler Response Essay Example for Free

Judith Butler Response Essay Judith Butlers Beside Oneself: On the Limits of Sexual Autonomy is an extremely philosophical essay that asks many questions that challenges the reader to look within themselves to search for their own interpretation of what they believe the answer to be. The first statement that Butler opens with is, What makes for a livable world is no idol question. This statement almost seems like a question directed to the reader. I believe that people interpret what they believe would make their lives bearable differently. What I may seem bearable for my own life may be unbearable to anothers. It is up to the individual to decide for themselves. Butler continues by saying, It becomes a question of ethics when someone from a position of power decides what makes other peoples lives bearable. To me, the question of what makes my own life bearable is my family. Other people may have different responses to that question. It is not up to one person to decide for others what they can live and cant live without. I interpreted this concept to mean that no one should tell another person who they should love or what can make their lives livable because it is different for all of us. There is no simple answer, therefore no one should be in the position to tell other people how to live their lives. Butler finds something in common that we all share. We all grieve the lives of someone we have lost. We are all vulnerable to the pains and desires that our bodies feel for other bodies and we are all alike in that sense. Mourning is a feeling that everyone goes through when we lose someone and we all go through it in different ways. No one can tell you how to mourn or what is the correct way to mourn just as no one should tell you what makes your life livable. We all experience emotional ties to feel a sense of self and once that is taken away we lose a part of ourselves. Butler claims that we undo each other or else we are missing something. I agree that having close relationships with people make us weaker. We are vulnerable when our feelings get in the way of our judgments. We find ourselves wanting to protect our loved ones with our lives and wanting to make sacrifices for them that we otherwise would not make for strangers. That is also what makes human ties and bonds so special. We have the ability to love passionately and grieve deeply. These extreme emotions are what make us human and make our lives worth living. No one person can say they have superiority over another because they live their lives how they see fit and correct for everyone else. Butler goes on to say that ecstasy is a way to view how we live besides ourselves. The notion of ecstasy is a way to describe our passion or grief. When politicians talk about rights for gays, lesbians and bisexuals, they are talking to the group as bounded beings who all share the same distinct qualities. Yes, they share the same lifestyles, but to look at them as a whole excludes what makes each individual unique and what passions and hardships tears them from their being. Our bodies are how gender and sexuality are revealed to others, but the categorizing of these specific groups of people excludes so much more information about them that we will never know. Butler is saying that we need to strive to get away from being subjected as just humans. This notion does not make much sense because our culture does not view this idea as a normal thought. In order to fully understand a group of people who have been stereotyped, you have to view each individual as not only human, but a being that houses a broad spectrum of emotions that leads to ecstasy that makes them feel beside themselves. There is so much to a person and we often find ourselves limiting their capabilities by subjecting them to a specific term. Butler is challenging the way society views people who have been stereotyped by explaining that there is much more to any given person than meets the eye.

Big Company With A Large Amount Of Inventories Marketing Essay

Big Company With A Large Amount Of Inventories Marketing Essay Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad started in Malaysia in 1912 and was listed on Bursa Kuala Lumpur on 13 December 1989. The company manufactures a wide range of products including instant beverages, milk product, ice cream, cereals, chilled products and many more. Meanwhile, Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad has a lot of brand names. For instance, MILO ®, NESPRAY ®, NESCAFÉ ®, MAGGI ® and KIT KAT ® (Nestlà © Berhad, n.d.). Like other trading and manufacturing company, Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad purchases raw materials as the input for production of final goods. It is then to be sold to the customers with the intention of earning profits. The valuation of inventories used by Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad is first-in first-out (FIFO) method. Since it is a big company with a large amount of inventories, it has been proved that a good control over inventory must be maintained (Reeve, Warren and Duchac, 2007, p.308). A little mistake made will have a significant impact on the financial statements. 2. CONTENTS 2.1 Types of Inventories Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad manufactures various types of products and has several categories of inventories. It includes raw and packaging materials, work-in-progress, finished goods and spare parts (Nestle (Malaysia) Berhad, 2012). Finished goods Work-in-progress Raw materials Nescafe Milo Smarties Kit Kat Haagen-Dazs Nestea Roasted coffee beans Chocolate crumbs Skim milk powder Cocoa paste Sugar Coffee beans Vanilla Palm oil Salt Milk 2.2 Process of Manufacturing the Goods Nestlà © (Malaysia) Berhad produces many types of goods to be sold to the customers. The process of manufacturing the goods is from raw materials to finished goods. One of the examples of process of manufacturing the goods is from cherries to NESCAFE. NESCAFE (coffee) Grinded coffee beans Roasted coffee beans Cherries Coffee beans The first process of manufacturing the Nestle NESCAFE is harvesting the fruit of the coffee beans. The coffee trees have a fruit that are called cherries and it contains two coffee beans in each cherry. The great taste of NESCAFE is born from these beans. The second process of manufacturing the Nestle NESCAFE is drying the coffee beans. The coffee beans need to be separated from the skin, pulpa and parchment to get at the coffee beans inside each cherry. The cherries are dried under the sun or by soaking the cherries in the hot water to achieve the coffee beans. The third process of manufacturing the Nestle NESCAFE is roasting the coffee beans. The beans need to be roasted to release the aroma and taste we know as coffee after the green coffee beans have been selected. The fourth process of manufacturing the Nestle NESCAFE is grinding. The beans are ready for grinding after roasting. The brewing method and equipment used can determine the particle size of the grind; whether coarse or medium, fine or very fine. Lastly, the process of manufacturing the Nestle NESCAFE is processing. The ground coffee put into an industrial percolator containing hot water under pressure that brew a highly concentrated liquid coffee that called coffee liquor to make NESCAFE Pure Soluble Coffee (Nescafe, n.d.). 2.3 Valuation of Inventories Used by the Company Inventories are valued by comparing between the cost and net realisable value (NRV). The lower value one will be the amount of closing inventories. This is based on the Lower Cost Method (LCM) rule which is the lower of cost and market value (WebFinance, 2012). There are two types of methods commonly used by most of the companies to calculate cost of inventories: First-in first out (FIFO) Weighted Average COST (WAC) The NESTLE company uses the first-in first-out (FIFO) method to evaluate their companys inventories. This is because it is simple to understand and easy to operate. The FIFO method means that whichever goods that are purchased first will be sold first to the customers. In another words, the oldest goods will be sold first. Hence, the goods most recently purchased are the closing inventories at the end of the year and made up of most recent costs (Murray, 2012). By using FIFO method, the closing inventories consist of most recent purchase prices which show the current market price. For big company like NESTLE Berhad, this method enable the company to have fewer amount of obsolete inventories. However, this method may lead to errors if the prices fluctuate frequently. The cost of sales will also be understated during inflation and causes profit to be overstated. This contradicts with prudence concept where the profits and assets should not be overstated while losses and liabilities should not be understated (Rabi Gupta, 2012). 2.3 Valuation of Inventories Used by the Company (contd) Based on the Nestle (Malaysia) Berhad Financial Report 2011 (2012, p.34), the value of raw and packaging materials in 2011 is RM 219,608,000. Meanwhile, the value of work-in-progress inventories is RM 21,139,000. The finished goods are worth RM 258,968,000 and the spare parts are worth RM 517,573,000. The financial report shows that the value of inventories has increased in 2011 compared to 2010. In 2010, the value of raw and packaging materials is RM 144,263,000 while the work-in-progress inventories are RM 16,558,000. The finished goods are worth RM 202,828,000. Meanwhile, the spare parts are worth RM 380,539,000. 2.4 Amount of Closing Inventories as Reported in the Financial Statement In group, the amount of closing inventories as reported in the Nestle (Malaysia) Berhad Financial Report 2011 (2012, p.10) is RM 517,573,000 in year 2011 and RM 380,539,000 in year 2010. This shows an increase in the value of inventories in year 2011 compared to year 2010. The financial statements are attached in the appendix on page 13 to 16. 2.5 Definition of Relevant Information Relating to Inventories i) Inventories The merchandise, raw materials and processed and unprocessed product of a company which are still remain unsold. Inventory is considered an important asset that is owned by a company for generating revenue. In another word, inventory is called liquid assets. The accuracy of the inventory counting is very important so that the companys profit and loss can be determined accurately (Investopedia, 2012). ii) First-in First-out (FIFO) FIFO is the short form of First-in First-out. FIFO can be assumed as a processing and retrieving data method. The way that a FIFO system works is the first units out, is the first units in or purchased. In another word, the first units sold are assumed to come from the beginning inventory. So, the inventories will always have the latest purchased goods. The first-in first-out method also functions to value inventory under purpose of taxation. Hence, inventories will value at the latest cost (Murray, 2012). iii) Weighted Average Cost (WAC) When weighted average cost (WAC) method is used, the average unit cost for each type of item is calculated each time a purchased is made. It is then used to determine the cost of each sale. When another purchase is made, a new average unit cost is calculated (Investopedia, 2012). iv) Cost of Inventories Cost is the historical cost. It is the original purchase price that is calculated either using the First-in First-out method or the Weighted Average Cost (WAC) method. Based on the Accounting Standard (AS) 2 Valuation of Inventories (n.d., p.10), cost of purchase, cost of conversion and other cost incurred in bringing the inventories to their present place and condition are all included in the cost of inventories. v) Net Realisable Value (NRV) According to the Accounting Standard (AS) 2 Valuation of Inventories (n.d., p.10), Net Realisable Value (NRV) is the value after the selling price or the market value minus any other expenses used to sell the goods such as transportation and insurance. 3. CONCLUSION In the process of completing this assignment, we have learned that accounting for inventory is a very important topic especially for us who study accounting. We gain a lot of experiences and know the importance of teamwork in finishing a task before the deadline. As accounting students, this research teaches us that a trading business must record, retain, and report information about the purchases and sales of its goods. Apart from that, it is very important that the valuation of inventory is accurate to ensure that the profit or loss calculated in the financial statements is accurate too. This understanding will help us in our work in the future.

church :: essays research papers

Lecture Notes History 361: Witchcraft and Heresy in Europe Lecture 3: â€Å"The Evolution of Christianity in Western Europe through the 11th Century† 1.During the era 850-1100, Christianity as it was practiced in Europe was dominated by monks and monasteries. The world was wicked and filled with pollution. Those concerned with their salvation had to flee the world and then seek to cleanse themselves from its pollutions. Monasteries were understood to be places separate from the world where individuals could go to seek self-purification 2. Monasteries were organized like other feudal estates. Most monasteries were founded by kings, queens and nobles. In this sense most abbots were like the vassals of great lords. In fact some abbots were warriors and fought for the lords. Most though, dedicated themselves to prayer for the souls of the lord and his dependents. The relationship between the abbot of a monastery and the peasants attached to monastery lands was the same as the relationship between any landlord and his serfs. 3.Monks were men who lived by a rule or a written out code of conduct. For this reason they were know as â€Å"regular† clergy. The rule was understood to be a path toward spiritual perfection. At the heart of most rules was a vow of â€Å"stabilitas,† a vow to remain stationary in a given location. The opposite of monks were hermits, men who roamed around in the â€Å"desert,† actually the woods, as a path toward spiritual perfection. In Western Europe almost every monastery followed the Rule of St. Benedict of Nursia (6th century). In his rule St. Benedict set out simple rules emphasizing manual labor for monks to follow. No distinction based upon wealth was made between brothers. The rule of St. Benedict of Nursia was reformed by St. Benedict of Aniane in the 9th century. St. Benedict of Aniane made distinctions among brothers, basically pushing most of the manual labor off on poor brothers and servants, giving the full members the task of daily rituals of col lective prayer. At the beginning of the eleventh century, Europe was dominated by two confederations of monasteries, those centered around Cluny in France, and those centered around Gorze in the Holy Roman Empire (Germany). Cluny insisted upon its independence of political authority, though in practice this meant that Cluniac monasteries were friendly to all individuals with power. Gorze and its daughter houses were under the supervision of the Emperor.

Portrayal of King Lear in First Four Scenes of King Lear by Shakespeare :: essays research papers

King Lear, by Shakespeare is a play written in the Elizabethan times. The tragedy of King Lear and his daughters was a familiar tale in England at the time. In the first scene of act 1 we do not meet Lear from the very start of the play. King Lear enters after a conversation between Kent, Gloucester and his son Edmund. We immediately get the notion that Lear is attention loving and that he loves flattery. As the scene develops we also discover that he knows almost nothing about his daughters, as he couldn?t recognize their falseness. As long as his eldest daughters flattered him, he was happy. He doesn?t even recognize honesty, as he scolds Cordelia for being true when she told him ?I love your majesty according to my bond, no more nor less?. Lear shows poor judgment when he banishes his favorite daughter and leaves her without a dowry. His two other daughters, Goneril and Regan knew of their father?s weak point, and they worked it to their own advantage. This way, Lear was satisfied at hearing what he wanted and at being flattered by his own daughters. But he also puts upon his daughters the responsibility for his happiness, and thus h e will blame them when he?s unhappy. We see this in Scene 3 when Goneril is unhappy with her father. She shows her true self in this scene, not the loving daughter which she shows to be in Scene 1, but almost a villain, who goes against the hierarchy of nature. Daughters are supposed to respect and love their fathers, which is exactly the opposite o what Goneril is doing. She treats her father, who deserves more respect as he is also king, badly, and also advises her servant Oswald to do so. Lear still views himself as a king, while his daughter calls him an ?Idle old man?. In Scene 4, Lear has enough of Goneril. As all kings do, he is used to making rules, not following them, so he expects to be obeyed. Lear feels helpless, he has no power left and he must rely fully on his two daughters. When Goneril takes away half of Lear?s knights, she also took away his dignity, and reduces him to tears, where he succumbs to despair.

The Joy of Overcoming Pain :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

The Joy of Overcoming Pain Propelled forward by my surging leg muscles, sweat gushing down my face, the harsh reality of this 50-mile bike race has begun to invade my body. My eyes remain intensely focused straight ahead: Grinding away along the racecourse, I see five girls from a different team about 200 yards ahead of me. My team needs a contribution from me, I realize, and I make the decision to pass all three of them. Through the heat rising off the asphalt I can finally see the distant white line proclaiming the finish. My mind propels my legs to their maximum ability. In these last few seconds of exertion, the years of hard work are paying off. Soaring through the finish, I have achieved flight. Biking is a pure sport, requiring little more than a brain ready to conquer pain. It is a sport that calls for commitment and mental toughness. Through testing myself, I increase my resilience and grow stronger. I unleash the power of my mind, and I bike. Some people are born with great biking ability, and others, like myself, are born with the desire to excel at every challenge. I've become the best biker I can through hard work and dedication. Challenging myself with new goals every day, I bike against the forces of gravity and inertia. I love the thrill of competition -- the euphoric feeling I get when mind overcomes pain. As a four-year member of my high school biking team, I have experienced just about every physical infirmity that comes from biking. I have dealt with shin splints, biker's knee, broken toes, and pulled calf mussels. My orthopedic surgeon took one look at my legs and admitted that I'm "not built to be a biker." Yet, I chose to continue biking because of its daily challenges and rewards. I've learned from this sport that by focusing single-mindedly on achieving a goal, I can make any obstacle trivial. I still hear my coach's voice in my head: "If you sacrifice yourself, good things will happen." As much as a bike race requires individual strength physically and mentally, it also requires a team effort to succeed. Like sisters in a family, the girls I bike with understand and respect one another. We remind each other to work harder, eat right, and to accomplish the most we can.

Remote Access Control Policy: Richman Corporation

Authorization Rules: Controls will be configured to ensure access is approved for only company/corporate employees. These controls will be set up based off of the position (job roles) of the employees to ensure they can only access what is required to allow them to perform their duties. The policy will include group membership policies as well as authority-level policies. The employee access will be assigned to the appropriate groups and authority- level policies.Identification Rules: Employees of Richmond Corporation will be given an employee identification number. Every employee will have a key badge as well in order to enter their building and/or floor if the building contains elevators. The unique employee ID number will be engrained into the employee badge and will be used to allow employees access the corporate system. Authentication: The key badge given to each employee will be used to allow access and authenticate that employee.An initial temporary password will be applied to each employee logon information and require the employee to change the password on first login. The policy will be set up to ensure that the employees create strong passwords and are required to change their passwords every 60 to 90 days. Employees at higher levels who have access to sensitive information may also be required to use two-factor authentication such as fingerprint biometric access to get into rooms and buildings and/or simply login to their computer system.PIN numbers will be used to access server rooms. Token will be issued to provide access remotely to allow for secure logins. Accountability: Richmond Corporation IT department will keep record of Log Files to be able to see who has logged into the system and when. The IT department will ensure they keep back-up files of required resources. They will apply access controls using different levels of restriction and access. Multiple security controls will be in place. There will be a policy for media disposal as well.

Black Holes

Black holes are objects so dense that it is not possible for even light to escape their gravity. There are two main processes continuously going on in massive stars. 1. Nuclear fusion: This process takes place in the stars which tends to blow the star's hydrogen outward from the star's center. 2. Gravitation: This process tends to pull all hydrogen back in the direction it had come. In general, these two processes balance one another until the entire star's hydrogen is exhausted, allowing gravitation to take over and once gravitation dominates, and the star becomes unstable and starts to collapse.Once the star starts to collapse, it does not stop, and the star (and ultimately its atoms) will cave inward upon itself, resulting in the formation of a black hole (Hewitt, 1992). Where is the nearest black hole? The closest known black holes are stellar mass black holes in the galaxy. These black holes have so far only been seen when they are in close contact with another star which is orb iting around them. When jets are produced the systems are known as microquasars and can be observed at many wavelengths, but usually are most distinctive in X-rays (Masters, 2002). What happens if you fall into a black hole?Just because nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole. If a person jumps into a black hole, they won't be able to see anything within the event horizon. The person will see strange optical distortions of the sky around him from all the bending of light that goes on. But as soon as the person falls through, they are doomed. They will die. References Hewitt, Paul G. (1992) Conceptual Physics. 2nd ed. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Masters, K. (2002) Where is the nearest black hole? Curious About Astronomy? Retrieved on 9 November 2007 from http://curious. astro. cornell. edu

Great State Wheat Flakes Can’t Be Beat

Betty, who has been employed for three years as a copywriter for HK&M, a mid-size advertising agency specializing in consumer packaged goods, has been feverishly working for the past week on a new ad campaign for Great State's wheat flakes, a regional breakfast cereal. The account has been with the agency for several years. Although Charlie, the brand manager on this cereal, has been pleased with the agency's work over the years, the old positioning, which stressed taste attributes and fun-filled family breakfasts, has become tired and dated.Marketing research shows a high degree of consumer wearout—people are tired of the campaign, even annoyed with it, and are ready for something fresh. Betty's task was to rejuvenate the brand via repositioning it to take advantage of and tie into the health and well being trends, specifically the interest in eating â€Å"good-for-you† food as well as in physical fitness. The brand was to be pitched as an important part of an active, healthy lifestyle.Betty thought she had come up with the perfect theme line: â€Å"Great State's wheat flakes will give a great start to your active day,† and she had developed what she believed were some clever scenarios for TV and print ads featuring the product being consumed after workouts in health clubs, following a morning jog, after a snowboarding expedition, to power up before rollerblading, and even while zipping along on a scooter (â€Å"Look Ma, no hands! †). However, upon reviewing her proposals, Charlie said that while the vignettes were on target because health-conscious customers would relate well to them, the slogan was off base.He wanted something more specific and hard hitting, and so Charlie developed the theme line, â€Å"Great State Wheat flakes can't be beat. No other wheat flake offers you more vitamins and minerals and fewer calories. † Betty tried to kindly tell Charlie that this was misleading because it implies that Great State's bran d is healthier than most, if not all, of the others, whereas actually all wheat flake cereals are parity products– they are virtual photocopies of each other in terms of taste, texture, and, most important here, composition and therefore nutritional value.In fact, blind taste tests have shown that between 70 and 80 per cent of consumers cannot identify their favorite brand of wheat flakes and that loyalty levels are low — with price incentives consumers will readily switch brands. Charlie, obviously irritated, explained that his tag linewas an honest exaggeration, what the advertising trade termed â€Å"puffing,† and that consumers are expected to see through it. He felt that it offered the point of difference needed to increase brand loyalty. Betty, feeling uneasy, later that day approached her boss Steve, the copy chief at HK&M, asking his counsel.Steve explained that Charlie's suggested slogan is what is called an â€Å"implied superiority† claim. Stev e explained that such claims are commonly made for commodity brands. They stake out a parity position, which does not claim to be superior to, but only as good as, other brands, while using copy that suggests or implies superiority for the named brand. He cited several current and classical examples, such as â€Å"Nothing else cleans better,† â€Å"The maximum fluoride protection in any toothpaste,† â€Å"You can't beat the savings,† â€Å"You can't buy a more effective pain reliever,† and â€Å"Nothing is proven to work better or last longer. In effect, these brands are claiming that they are unsurpassed. However, none claims to be truly better than their competitors. Betty, recalling several other such implied superiority claims she had recently seen, realized that it was, indeed, a popular technique. Steve reminded Betty that there is a distinction between deceptive advertising, which creates false impressions and misleads a consumer acting reasonably , and â€Å"trade puffing,† which is exaggerated praise of the product (e. g. , Almost Home cookies are the â€Å"moistest, chewiest, most perfectly baked cookies† ever; â€Å"Nestle makes the very best chocolate†).Puffery is viewed as acceptable in a society of the superlative. Consumers are assumed to see through the exaggeration or at least engage in a â€Å"willing suspension of disbelief. † He explained to her that whereas deceptive advertising is illegal, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which monitors national advertising for accuracy and fairness in claims, views puffery as legitimate. â€Å"What's more,† Steve concluded somewhat sarcastically, â€Å"using your line of reasoning, Betty, we shouldn't at all advertise any parity products, since all brand advertising is designed to create a brand distinction in the buyer's mind.Advertising is necessary to differentiate yourself from the pack of imitators. And, it helps a small, underdog br and like Great State get a leg up on the big, deep-pocketed companies like our rivals. † Betty thought that, in fact, Steve's taunting comment might, indeed, have some merit. In fact, she feared that it might force Great State’s competitors to improve and differentiate their cereals, thereby benefiting consumers (but harming Great State). Nonetheless, she still felt uneasy.It seemed to her that the â€Å"implied superiority’ claim crossed the boundary from puffery over to deception. QUESTIONS/EXERCISES 1. Identify the ethical issues facing Betty regarding the nature of the proposed â€Å"Implied superiority advertising claim. 2. What are the ethical issues Betty encounters with respect to organizational relationships and conflicts? 3. What are the possible decision alternatives Betty could devise, and what are the ethics of each alternative? 4. Which alternative would you recommend to Betty and why?

Final Paper Reilgion Freud And Lewis

On the other hand Freud – the founder of psychoanalysis and an atheist could only produce the kind of love that was reciprocal. I believe that they were tied to their views on religion by their understanding of what love was to them. Lewis once believed or at least had to some degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The watch out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion Is both psychologically and sociologically dangerous. Freud and Lexis's perspectives on love differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand. Lexis's explains that Gods love in man enables him to love unconditionally. For an example, Lewis believed the divine gift love in a man enables him to love what is not durably lovable – lepers, criminals, enemies and morons. On the other hand, Freud believes on the gratification of self because a man's beliefs and behavior stem from his own ch ildhood fears and desires.Moreover, Freud and Lewis perspectives on love are tied together because they focus on the affection for family, friends and sexual love; however, Lewis added a fourth category – love of God. Lexis's response to Fraud's critique on religion is that love does not have an ulterior motive. In my opinion, the viewpoints within â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† are self- centered rather than leafless because there has to more than Fraud's type of love; therefore, most circumstances do not revolve around oneself.Because God Is love. Lexis's perspective on love is more convincing than Fraud's for the reason that Lewis acknowledged that to believe in God and to pray, were the beginning of his extroversion. The light came on, He had been taken out of himself. BY BFY5050 degree thought like Freud. As I relate â€Å"Religion: Why Bother† I couldn't help but think about â€Å"The Watch Out† Attitude: Religion Is Dangerous stated â€Å"Religion is both differ because Lewis focuses on God while Freud focuses on self. One on hand,

Intl management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intl management - Assignment Example This leads to a cultural diversity within the company, which requires proper organizational management as well as cultural accommodation among all stakeholders. As a manager who has great knowledge about diversity of cultures as well as cross-cultural integration, I am able to bring all these diverse cultures together in order to achieve a cultural integration within the organization that leads to proper productivity. Furthermore, my skills in cross-cultural management will also enable me to influence other employees within the company to accommodate cultural differences of their fellow employees. This would lead to a religious and cultural accommodation of all members of staff whereby no one would look down upon the cultural background of others, or despise their religion. In fact, this would closely integrate the company in such a way that there would be no conflicts arising from ill opinion of workers expressed against the cultures or religious backgrounds of their fellow workers, or based on any other feature. As such, this would lead to increased cooperation and enhanced productivity within the company, hence profitability maximization. ... b.  What impact do you want to have? On whom?    I want to influence the entire company as a whole by enabling all members of the organization to be able to accommodate all people from different cultural backgrounds and settings. For instance, I want all employees to integrate properly with one another despite their different backgrounds and incorporate the virtues from their select groups in order to create a formidable production team at the company. c.  Whom do you want to know you benefited? In what ways? Apart from the general success that the organization will record as a whole due to the integration of different cultures, I would particularly want to influence the management team. This is because the management or leadership of a given company is what determines whether a company stays united as one or splits down into two or more pieces basing on cultural differences and other factors. As such, being part of the management team, I would use my position to work at integr ating different cultures within the organization and prove to the executive team that all cultures have the same output. d.  What do you want to learn? I want to learn how to mix different cultures and still have the same people without facing cultural discriminations, or breakages along any differential lines. This is because all persons carry the same equality despite their backgrounds or cultural affiliations. e.  How do you define your impact as a/n: employee, leader, manager, executive, etc.? As an executive, I define my influence in the company as monumental since cultural differences sometimes bring about serious conflicts and destruction of property and lives. For instance, in

Rolls Royce Plc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rolls Royce Plc - Essay Example Rolls Royce PLC provides varied categories of products such as civil aerospace products, defence aerospace products, marine products, energy products and nuclear products. It develops and markets commercial aero engines for large and small aircrafts, helicopters and combat jets. It also manufactures transporters, propulsors, reduction gears, gas engines, fuel cells and steam generator services among others. Along with the various products, Rolls Royce PLC also offers variety of support services such as TotalCare, CorporateCare, MissionCare, technical support services and ‘Marine Tailored Solutions’ as well as reactor support services among others to its customers (Rolls-Royce Plc, 2012). Main Competitors Rolls Royce PLC is one of the world’s top manufacturers of high power gas turbine engines which gained its prominence in the global cutthroat market due to its use of extremely advanced technologies. One of the main competitors of Rolls Royce PLC is GE Aviation. O ther than GE Aviation, Aviation Industry Corporation of China, Siemens AG, Siemens Westinghouse Power Corporation, General Electric Power Systems among others are also close competitors of Rolls Royce PLC. ... Group is a comprehensive product and service providing organisation with customers in 135 countries and manufacturing facilities in over 14 countries. In this competitive scenario, the needs and wants of the customers are the primary criteria which are considered by organisation in any field. Rolls-Royce PLC satisfies the needs of the customers by delivering cost-effective products and efficient global support services, and so it is highly preferred among others. The customers from the world's important airlines and jet operators mainly rely on the Rolls Royce among others due to its efficient support as well as understanding towards the requirements of the prospective partners and suppliers. The service strategy of TotalCare and updated technologies are the key factors which differentiates Rolls Royce from other competitors (Rolls-Royce Plc, 2012). Opportunities and Threats The Rolls Royce PLC is one of the leading international makers and suppliers of aircraft engines. It became su ccessful due to its advanced technologies and competent customer services. But both globalisation and competitiveness of the market, act as opportunities as well as threats for Rolls Royce PLC. In order to sustain in this global market, Rolls-Royce PLC should develop new products, new international markets, and innovative technologies and also try to diversify to different product lines among others so as to enhance its business growth, prosperity and customer loyalty. This may act as the opportunities in the next three years which can improve Rolls Royce PLC’s corporate image and profitability among competitors. Moreover, the threats which might hinder the growth of the organisation may be the entrance of potential competitors, economic recession, new developing rules and regulations

Green Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Green - Case Study Example Green Case Jain suggest that politics is an art of governance where, the involved persons formulate rules or regulations and principles that would help them run or deliver well to the public or community at large. Politics involves matters or affairs of public interest. Politics relates most with power and resource distribution. Here political ideas used to create chances or persuade people or individuals for personal gain. However, politics has both the good and the bad side in every involvement that touches on politics. Politics may play a major role in influencing certain actions or behaviors to suit personal gain. In an organization, politics may influence the decisions the management make at certain points concerning certain critical issues in the organization. Issues about promotion and performance at work may involve politics. Politics plays an important role in creating regulations and principles governing the public affairs with an aim of maintaining law and order. With thes e points at hand, in agreement with statement that politics is not inherently bad there are several instances or reasons in favor of this statement. To support the statement, it is good to consider the case of Michelle Jones, used her political tactics to shape up her region’s strategy and the support she gave to their selling efforts. To this end, this political move translated to her performance and for her organization’s benefit at the end of the day.... Politics has power to institute changes in an organization (Sasser and Beckham 9; Jain 151). From Sasser and Beckham (8) suggestions, it is true also that, politics is a fact in an organization. Here, Thomas used his political and his power of creativity to influence or convince the company’s vice president so as to get into the ob position he so wished to be in. In normal circumstances, this would not have occurred in this order, positions some times go with experience and the right procedure to select qualifying candidates within the department or organization may seem okay. In addition, because of politics some decisions that would have been impossible to make, influencing may be in a matter of hours of a few days when a politically activated channel of decision-making is used (Jain 156). Decisions in a big organization may at one point need the application of politics to effect good and reliable solutions as this may call on all company employees and representatives to par ticipate in some kind of voting for the best principles for an organization to adapt. This points out to Michelle’s efforts that involved all the sells representatives at one point or the other. A number of organizational factors that lead to or contribute to some political behaviors in an organization range form; self-serving seniors, unclear evaluation systems in an organization, this may be in terms of promotions and critical decision making, lack of such systems leads to the individuals like Thomas seeking there own way to address there needs or ways of promotion. High performance pressures, this case an assumption concerning Michelle’s political involvement that created an impression to her seniors and a move

CRJS478IP5 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

CRJS478IP5 - Research Paper Example The first step in investigating the crime is to secure the crime scene. Securing the crime scene assists in reducing interference of physical evidence and reduces the chances of contamination to the crime scene. After securing the crime scene the next step is to conduct a preliminary survey of the area to establish the presence of any other evidence around the crime scene. At this stage it is indispensable to take photographs of the crime scene and collect evidence that may be incidental to the crime. After the preliminary survey is conducted, evaluation of physical evidence is conducted. The evaluation in this case will be to determine the position of the remains, if the remains have been moved by the initial respondents, the condition of the remains and other materials at the scene. After the evidence is evaluated, samples are collected from the remains at the scene. Samples of other biological materials at the scene should also be collected. When collecting the samples from the re mains it is important to safeguard against contamination. Contamination occurs when something that was not present is introduced to the crime scene or in the samples collected. Contamination can compromise the analysis and accuracy of samples collected. An effective way of reducing contamination is to limit access to the crime scene which is done by securing the crime scene until evidence is collected and documented. In doing so it is important to restrict the first responders and the law enforcement officers from further access to the scene as they can potentially contaminate the crime scene (Kobilinsky, Levine & Margolis-Nunno, 2009). DNA profiling is a technique employed by forensic analysts in establishing identification of unknown individuals. DNA analysis uses the DNA make-up of the remains to form a profile that can be used for identification. Because the remains at the scene have

Critically evaluate a specific issue related to the management of Essay

Critically evaluate a specific issue related to the management of paediatric patients with a systemic malignancy - Essay Example emic malignancy treatment in children have indicated that the treatment has particular adverse impacts that present years following the initial treatment termed as late effects. From the conclusions of the reviewed literature, it becomes clearer that management of childhood systemic malignancies have late effects on them as they grow and develop. This paper will seek to discuss the late effects that result from the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and brain tumors on pediatric patients, in this case regarding their neuro-cognitive development. In addition, because the neuro-cognitive deficits resulting from systemic malignancy management will cause psychosocial deficits, these will also be discussed as part of the paper. Finally, the paper will also briefly discuss how these late effects can be managed to improve the lives of the pediatric patients in later life, which is important because it is recognised that survivors of childhood systemic malignancy need follow-up care. The care model for pediatric systemic malignancy patients revolves around a risk-based approach that incorporates risks based on co-morbid health conditions and lifestyle behaviours (Carroll & Finlay 2010, p. 45). Deficits in neuro-cognitive function are commonly experienced by survivors of childhood systemic malignancy, manifesting in various domains such as language, visual-spatial skills, verbal memory, psychomotor skills, processing speed, executive functioning, concentration, and attention. While Bottomley & Kassner (2003, p. 129) contend that it has also been found that these deficits manifest across academic performance and intellectual functioning, it is important to note that these deficits are only limited to systemic malignancies like brain tumors and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. From the reading, it is probable that this is mostly caused by treatment directed at the CNS and the irreparable damage caused to a growing CNS, which results in neuro-cognitive deficits in later

Does islam permite acting in film and theatre Essay - 1

Does islam permite acting in film and theatre - Essay Example Acting is generally forbidden in Islam but is allowed for certain constructive purposes provided certain conditions are followed. The issue of acting being allowed or forbidden in Islam is a topic of great controversy among the scholars and interpreters of Islam. However there is complete consensus among all the various scholars about the type of acting which involves obscenity, interaction between men and women and other evil actions. All the scholars unanimously agree on the prohibition of this type of acting in Islam. There is no dispute among the Islamic scholars as far as this kind of acting is concerned (Al-Munajjid 2009). The prohibition of this type of acting is clear from the saying of Sheikh Abu Bakr Zayed (may Allah preserve him) to the effect that chivalry (behaving properly and decently) happens to be an objective of sharee’ah, plus whatever undermines that makes a person unsuitable for giving statement in court. Islamic teachings stress upon lofty characteristics and prohibit base and low characteristics. And as far as acting is concerned, actors are mostly seen by the viewers as performing ridiculous activities and moving and talking in a ridiculous way. They are yet seen as feigning madness. Thus it is proven beyond doubt that acting is among those things that seriously undermine chivalry. This further leads to the fact that acting is among those things which make a person unsuitable for giving testimony in the court of law. Such a thing cannot be approved of by Sharee’ah in any way. Now let us consider the type of acting about which there exists a controversy among the scholars of Islam. Some forbid it completely while others allow it within certain guidelines of Sharee’ah. This controversial type of acting is one that involves two or more than two persons performing before a group, through actions and dialogue, with a purpose to teach the group about Islamic principles and injunctions, or

Biomedical issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Biomedical issues - Essay Example They evaluate consequences of their decisions to find out which ones are more valuable to the majority. They also stick to those defined as their responsibilities in their code of conduct. Considerations of individual rights and legal claims by patients work to cover certain cases. The personal reflex or feeling by the professional in terms of what they consider as the best option available at time of practice is also observed. Ethics is an expected behavior within a society that is guarded by a moral code to differentiate between what is right and that which is wrong. Law on the other hand is an imposed legal code of conduct that is applied to everyone in the society. This differs from ethics which may be adopted by certain professions, groups or regions with an aim of developing a strict penalty for individuals who deviate. There are five important concepts that need to be understood when we evaluate issues in biomedicine. Human beings are defined by their self awareness which is lacking in other animals. This means they are conscious of their impact and presence in the environment. The human beings also enjoy autonomy which defines their freedom of choice based on their ability to direct and control themselves. Informed consent is the decision making act based on full disclosure and awareness of factors, causes and repercussions surrounding a phenomenon of concern. Moral rights, is another concept that depends on values that are appreciated and observed by individuals within a society. These are sometimes binding in the eyes of the law thus healthcare practitioners have to be careful in their medical executions with regards to what is expected by their patients. Malfeasance is the malpractices or professional misconduct as brought forth by the healthcare practitioners. The Hippocratic Oath guards patients’ right and how the practitioners relate with them. Confidentiality is emphasized as well as a caution on malfeasance

A Scherzo A Shy Persons Wishes Analysis Essay Example for Free

A Scherzo A Shy Persons Wishes Analysis Essay What is the mood of A Scherzo A Shy Persons Wishes. How is the mood conveyed and what effect does it have on our understanding of the central message of the poem and the writers persona. How effective do you think the poem is? The mood in A Scherzo a Shy Persons Wishes changes and varies through the poem. Firstly the title has scherzo written which means briskly live music. This shows that the person is very lively but the poem doesnt show it, on the sunny wall out of tip-toe reach. As well tip-toe reach stands out because it shows it is close to going out. In the poem the word with and whisper is repeated through the poem which this shows alliteration. This gives a whisper feel through the poem which shows that its thinking quietly but title says he is lively. Plus there is internal alliteration. This makes the poem slow down and shows the person is anxious, With the nut in the shell, with the seed in the pod. The again shows that the poem has a lot internal alliteration. This poem has a flowing mood but lyrical at times. When its flowing its a calm mood like the person is describing the outdoors like it has never seen it, With the wasp in its inner most peach. The lyrical mood shows at times it is a lively showing it is lively which is why scherzo is used for the title, In the woodbines horn with the drunken bee. All this shows that the person is very lively but in a trapped ready to run out singing and shouting. Now I will talk about the persona. The poem shows a lot that the person is trapped in an area and cant get out no matter how close it gets to the outdoors, out of tip-toe reach. As well the poem shoes the persons claustrophobic showing its in a small area which probably shows why it a shy person on the outside but lively in the inside. The title shows this in a clever way because it first says scherzo showing it is a lively person, but then says A shy persons wishes which then explains that its shy but wants to change to a lively person in the outdoors singing and dancing. A quote to show its shy says to be crouched with the beast in its torrid layer shows its stuck in a dark hole but cant gat out. With the person being stuck he/she is bored which is not what a shy person is like when hes alone but he is. This shows he likes communicating and singing, quiet to lie, and dreamless to sleep. But then at times the person shows he is still a bit shy, With things that are timid, and shy, and free, the next line says Wishing to be, then this changes it all showing he is still shy. But at the end it says Anywhere, anywhere, out of this room! which ends it all saying the person wants to go out and not stay in its timid layer. All this shows a lively character with a bit of shyness left in him. The central message in the poem is shown clearly throughout the poem. The central message shows the felling of the person in a strong way. Firstly it talks about nature in a flowing way so it sounds like he/she is describing what it looks like outside. Throughout it continues to describe the outdoors. This gives a calm feeling to the person and shows what he wants to do when he goes out. As well this shows he thinks is lively. At line 26-29 he says he would be in any of the three examples he/she says and this is backed up by the last line which is Anywhere, anywhere, out of this room! shows that he wants to leave his shyness and become lively, and leave his dark hole behind.

Works of Dickens Essay Example for Free

Works of Dickens Essay Compare the roles of institutions in A Kestrel for a Knave and the works of Dickens  Dickens and Hines use writing techniques to portray their institutions as impoverished and brutal places. Dickens is especially good at this. He can bring places to life with similes and metaphors. Dickens and Hines have added a fiery, tyrannical character in the shape of Mr Gradgrind, who every one fears and Mr Gryce. Both of whom are headmasters.  At the beginning of Hard Times Dickens disguises his characters by not giving them names, he does this to draw the reader into the novel. The Speaker and the schoolmaster, and the third grown person present  Both of the novels, although written 100 years apart show very little change in the schooling the children received. The authors show their institutions as plain and bare. Dickens even goes, as far as to say that the school room in Hard Times is a vault, not letting anyone in or out. monotonous vault of a schoolroom  Dickens likes to use repetition of words. Especially Facts and emphasis. He does this to show the squareness of Mr Gradgrind. Dickens does this to illustrate how he wants every thing to be regimented and perfect. Gradgrind had the premonition that all the children he schooled were only good for factory fodder. Hines has the same thought but did not put it so blatantly in his writing; this is because he does not want to sound so right wing. The two books are set in industrial towns. Hines does not name his town but it is in Northern England. Dickens named his town Coketown, because this is a major part of the smelting of iron, extremely important in the Victorian age and the industrial revolution, because without it none of the steps forward would have been made to modernise products and industries.  Both authors show that the children in their books have no prospects. They leave school only knowing enough to get them into a factory or coal mine.  Hines has injected a positive influence into A Kestrel for a Knave in the shape of Mr Farthing, Billys Teacher. Mr Farthing is a kind and gentle man a far cry from the harsh environment in which Billy lives. There is a profound lack of anything worth living for in Hard Times. This is because all of the children in the school in Hard Times are just going to end there lifes in a pit or factory, again this is because society in those days looked upon the working class as workers so this is were they where destined to be.  Hines and Dickens use the same writing techniques to gain full effect on the reader. For example they both use similes and metaphor. Institutions of the time consisted of workhouses, factories and schools. The workhouses, horrible places to live and work. Often run by money hungry fat cats, purely for the profit. They did not care how the children should be treated. These places were often very regimented, dull and laborious (as in the table scene in Oliver Twist, where Oliver Twist and colleges sat at two long tables eating the same food at the same pace.) There was also a lack of equality. In the factories people were paid next to nothing for very hard, dangerous work. It was not uncommon for a worker to lose a finger or even a whole hand because the machinery was not safety guarded. The schools were run like business. Sometimes the head teachers had deals with factories to send there school leavers to their factories or down their mines. Dickens describes Coketown with metaphors of animals this is I think to show that the inhabitants of Coketown were only animals, this also adds to the primitive nature of the town. Coke town is primitive because everybody fights for the best jobs and positions in the town. Also the way that Dickens describes the buildings as animals makes this scene primitive. Mr Gradgrind believes heavily in Utilitarianism. This concept originally the brainchild of Jeremy Bentham is made a mockery of by Dickens in Hard Times, with his ironic quotes and lines.  Dickens and Hines both use institutions in their novels to illustrate the poverty of the industrial town. The reader is able to sympathise with the characters in these novels through the ways that the two authors write.

Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment

Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment Yuyao Wu As Rio bay waters show, we badly need innovation in treating human wastes August 13, 2016 3.41am AEST http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379 By referring the issue of poor water quality in the 2016 Rio Olympic water, Daniele Lantagne, an assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Tufts University, demonstrates how series untreated water can pose threat to peoples health through the article. Lantagne also informs people to think highly of the issue of disposing untreated water, arguing that sewerage systems are needed to apply in our lives. Treating waste water and sewage is not only a problem happened in Rio, but also a problem happened worldwide. Therefore, technical and social innovation are not only needed for disposing contaminated water, but also the inevitable elements for the process of sustainability. The writer applies a logical tone to inform the readers that peoples health is exposed to danger if they live in an environment contaminated with human waste. the untreated water causes 760000 children die from diarrhea per year worldwide and 162 million children under five suffer stunting, which is evidence by sanitation provision (2007). The writer makes her argument seem more reliable by the use of reliable evidence. It is sorrowful to accept that a large number of children die each year because of the contaminated water. Through the evidence, we can know that the situation is serious or might be more serious if we take no measure to treat the water before disposal. Thus, it highlights how urgent and necessary we need to improve sanitation faculties in order to reverse the health threats. Furthermore, Lantagne states that apply the waste treatment in life can increase the quality of life. The writer uses the fact that the project of the sewerage system in United States achieves significant success in providing treated and safe water to households. Indeed, in our daily life, water is the basic need for every human-being. The quality of water has a direct impact on human health. Therefore, we realise how vital roles the sewerage systems play in our lives. However, Lantagne argues that in reality, it is hardly to keep using sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines because of the financial reason and rapidly population growth. Through listing the limitation of sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines, Lantagne makes her point seem more objective and more considerable. Although the limitation of sewerage systems exists, we still need to use sewerage system to dispose untreated water. Lantagne consummates her argument by listing three examples for the further process of treating human waste, which are community mobilization strategies, Systems-based and social enterprise services. However, nowadays, it is not enough to provide the solution to treat the untreated water. Beforehand, sense of environmental consciousness is needed to be ingrained in peoples mind. Otherwise, lack senses of environmental consciousness will be one of the most obvious barriers to stop people to care, think and work out the solution for disposing contaminate d water or other environmental issues. Overall, the writer offers her opinions based on evidence and fact in a reasonable and logical tone, which makes her arguments seem more valid. The points raised by the writer is worth to reconsider as treating water before disposal is one of the most serious environmental issues. We need to know how serious health consequences we are suffering due to the contaminated water before we realize how urgent we need to apply the sewerage system in life. Besides, the senses of environmental consciousness are the basic knowledge impels us to work out the solution for environmental issues. References; http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379

Essay --

Over the years, our accounting system has evolved from the tedious task of manual accounting to the ease of computerized accounting systems and programs. Computerized accounting has brought about a more efficient way of setting up and maintaining a company’s financial records. In previous years accountants would spend copious amounts of time manually recording business transactions through journalizing, posting to ledgers and mathematically checking each journal and ledger for errors. This process was necessary in order to compile data needed to produce financial reports and statements. The number of manual entries were so numerous that the margin of error was significantly increased. Simple mistakes, such as transposing a number or incorrectly recording a transaction in the wrong column could create a ripple effect of errors throughout each journal, ledger, or report issued for that period. The process of tracking one simple sales transaction was incredible compared to today’s accounting software. Manually, the transaction might begin with an invoice or sales receipt which beg...

Richard Cory, by Edwin Arlington Robinson :: Poetry Analysis

Paraphrase: A man named Richard Cory appeared to have it all: looks, a suave persona and a respectable social status. These qualities were respected and admired by the townspeople, even envied to a small degree. Despite his apparent perfect life, Richard Cory shot and killed himself. Purpose: The purpose of this poem is to show that people are not always who they appear to be. Moreover, the people that seem to have it all may still be emotionally unstable and act irrationally such as committing suicide. Structure: There are 4 stanzas, each serves to reveal a different piece of information (1st stanza: town’s consensus about Richard Cory, 2nd stanza: personality, 3rd stanza: social status, 4th status: the abrupt, unforeseen ending of his life). Speaker: There is one speaker and the POV is third person. Shift: The shift in this poem occurs at the second to last line. Before this, the poem revolves around the, what seems to be, ideal life of Richard Cory. But at this line the poem ends abruptly with an unexpected suicide, stated as an understatement. Syntax/Grammar/Diction: There is repetition of â€Å"always† in relation to how the townspeople describe him. This means that Richard Cory’s public appearances were routine and unchanging maybe even a false facade. The use of the colon to connect two full sentences serves to associate ideas. The diction of â€Å"imperially slim† (4), â€Å"glittered† (8), â€Å"fluttered† (7) and â€Å"admirably schooled† (11) all indicate Richard Cory’s apparent superiority over the rest of the townspeople. Tone: The tone before the shift is admiring with a small hint of envy. The tone after the shift is rather indifferent, there is no diction indicating remorse or any other emotion over his death.

The Game (Football Personal Experience Paper) :: essays research papers

The Game   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The game had been a strenuous battle from the very second that the whistle blew. In every play each one of us had put forth all of the effort and energy that we contained. Now, with only seconds left remaining in the forth quarter we trailed 14 to 17. Yet, hope still remained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After a fumble recovery, my team was awarded the ball at the 50 yard line. The time left on the clock allowed us for one more play to win the game. Looking around at the players in the huddle not only did I see the fatigue that resulted from the game but I also saw that each one of them had determination to win. I called out the play and sent my fellow warriors to give it one last shot. As we approached the line of scrimmage the crowd grew deafening. They had cheered us on throughout the frigid temperatures of the night and now that the game was nearing an end they revealed to us that they too still had faith. Staring down our opponents, we lined up in our stances. Like dragons smoke, each breath taken would be revealed in the numbing cold. The clock had already restarted and began counting down to zero. As I prepared myself to receive the ball from the center the crowd became dead silent. Knowing that time ran short I began my cadence. â€Å"EVEN†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦READY-SET†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.HUT.† As the ball snapped into my hands, the crowd exploded with all the players as if they were connected by some unnatural force. I flew back into my pass drop and looked to my receivers. The opponent covering the receiver to my left prevented any hope of him getting open. Then, as I looked to my right, I saw that my other receiver broke free of the defensive man and was heading down the field. I directed the ball towards the end zone knowing that the pass must be perfect for a completion. As the ball sailed off my fingertips a 270 pound lineman pummeled me to the ground.

Is Therese Raquin a Naturalist Novel?

Is Therese Raquin a Naturalist novel? Emile  Zola is often considered the chief literary theorist of the Naturalist movement and so one would assume that his creative offspring, including the novel Therese Raquin, would display the traits of the genre. Zola may be responsible for many of the conventions that one would associate with Naturalism and so naturally you could extend this logic to argue that his work defines the genre.To the modern reader, Therese Raquin appears anything but naturalistic with a dramatic, fast moving plot that boasts murder, adultery and revenge that almost becomes synthetic in places. However, for the sake of this essay, I must decide upon a firm definition for Naturalism, in its correct historical context, in order to debate and speculate as to whether Therese Raquin can be read or interpreted as a Naturalist novel.Naturalism may be defined as a scientifically accurate extension of realism characterized by a magnified perspective through which the author displays the primitive nature of humans (using characters with strong animal drives who are â€Å"victims both of glandular secretions within and of sociological pressures†) and adopts an objective and emotionally detached approach to the characters in order to demonstrate the weaknesses and tragedies of 19th Century society, particularly amongst the lower classes.Zola’s prefaces to his novels at as essays on Naturalism and much of the deterministic and scientific philosophy behind the movement may be found, for example in the preface to Therese Raquin, Zola writes that he sees himself as a â€Å"mere analyst, who may have turned his attention to human corruption, but in the same way as a doctor becomes absorbed in an operating theatre† and comments that â€Å"the return to nature, the naturalistic evolution which marks the century, drives little by little all the manifestation of human intelligence to the same path†.Firstly I will explore the common con ventions of Naturalism that are present in Therese Raquin. For example is the typical Naturalistic characterisation through the use of the four temperaments (stemming from Galen’s four humours) that the author regards in higher importance than the actual characterisation as he states that he proposed to â€Å"study temperaments and not characters†. Zola assigns certain temperaments to his characters to establish inter-character relations in the plot and demonstrate the animalistic nature of humans.Laurent may be associated with sanguine (â€Å"handsome, full blooded†), Therese with melancholy and Camille with phlegmatic qualities. By using this device, Zola adds a certain amount of reality and human nature to the pot which is, of course, an essential aspect to the genre of Naturalism. Also by using these temperaments to define the psychology of his characters, Zola incorporates scientific elements, as if he is conducting a sociological study of background in rel ation to the  milieu and subsequently the psychological study of individual characters in particular circumstances.Naturalism, as a movement, is in debt to the scientific enlightenment with scientists, such as Darwin, who popularised new ways of thinking that evolved around the concept of biological determinism and the author adopted these views in response, stating that Naturalists are â€Å"men of science†. Biological determinism may be thought of as a melting pot of biology and philosophy, suggesting that humans merely respond to the surrounding  environmental forces  and  internal drives,  none of which they can control or understand, in essence we are little more than a â€Å"human brute†.In essence we are driven by the very primitive urges and instincts of hunger, sex and fear. Within Therese Raquin we see these attributes materialise throughout the book and become particularly prevalent in the sexual undertones of Therese’s affair with Laurent, something that disgusted many of Zola’s critics. However it is more obvious to the modern reader that Zola, through his dramatic plot, is demonstrating a level of determinism in the sense that life makes its conclusions, and the Naturalistic novelist's task is to represent those conclusions, rather than contribute his own.Controversy may be viewed as another defining characteristic of the Naturalistic genre and if we are to consider Therese Raquin in its correct historical context (1867), it is not difficult to understand why it caused much scandal due to Zola’s honest and uncompromising exploration of the darkest aspects of human existence. One critic, Louis Ulbach, wrote in Le Figaro  in January 1868 that the novel was â€Å"a pool of mud and blood† and was a perfect example of â€Å"the utter filth that is contemporary literature†.It is the disposition of the Naturalist writer that assumes an amoral attitude to the plot and acts somewhat as a voyeur rather than a judge. Personally I view Francois, the same cat over which many critics and scholars speculate as to whether it is the cat in Manet’s portrait Olympia, as somewhat of a metaphor for the Naturalist author. Francois is present in many of the most climatic and socking scenes, most notably the passionate scene of Camille’s murder, and remains detached but also demands some sort of presence so much so that Laurent becomes frightened and wants to â€Å"kill the beast† as he remarks how â€Å"human† it looks.The fact that Laurent almost personifies the cat may suggest that animal and man are alike in the very basic sense of instinct. I think that the Naturalist author assumes a similar stance to this cat as he remains a quiet and unbiased third party, recording the events without judgment, acting as a journalistic voyeur, which is relevant to this novel as Zola discloses that he is â€Å"simply an observer, who states the facts†.On its publi shing, Therese Raquin was accused of immortality and if the critics were not accusing Zola of an â€Å"alleged perversion of public morality† then it would be for the novel’s â€Å"unsound philosophic and aesthetic assumptions†. Despite these accusations of immorality, Zola defends himself saying that it was, in fact, immoral to refrain from including such behaviour as the lack of obvious moral material was corrupting and that â€Å"the process of honest examination purifies everything, just as fire does. Another aspect of this novel that argues in favour of Therese Raquin being a Naturalist novel is the sense of pessimism that one feels when reading it. This negative atmosphere is created by deliberately making the novel feel claustrophobic with the author using a number of devices such as an omniscient third person narrative, a limited number of characters and settings as well as a prevalent theme of imprisonment.For example, Zola’s displays Laurentâ⠂¬â„¢s captivity within his own guilt through describing his â€Å"hallucinations† of paranoia which reinforces the theme of claustrophobia and imprisonment. There is also much imagery that could be associated with hell with reference to vaults and holes, for example Therese admits she feels like she is â€Å"going down into the clammy earth of a pit† and that she is buried â€Å"in a vault†. The presentation of Laurent and Therese in relation to such pessimism and claustrophobia demonstrates their remorse and shows great burden of murder.Zola uses the setting to suggest that any world beyond the working class community provides a sense of claustrophobia and stresses the difficulties of escaping this life, thus creating a social trap. The relevance of such pessimism in relation to a Naturalist novel is found in the absence of ideology; life is not ideal and so to create an accurate portrait humanity, the author must make the plot realistic which means that negat ivity is sometimes exaggerated.Charles Child Walcutt states that Zola seizes reality through his use of the characters’ temperaments and â€Å"transforms that temperament into a work of art†. Indeed the aspect of art is important in arguing that Therese Raquin is not in fact a Naturalist novel as however fiercely the author claimed to be scientific and methodical in his approach to the composition process, he never believed that the naturalist author was solely functioning on a mechanical level any more than he considered that artists, such as Manet, were replicating reality.It is no secret that Zola was heavily influenced by such artists who were straying from the previous Romantic Movement into a more Naturalistic style and consequently there is an innate correlation between the Movement in particularly French art and literature. In both cases the author or artist strives to symbolize the truth of nature, avoiding purely mimicking nature itself in order to obtain a c ertain amount of artistic individuality and a sense of poeticism to the work.In conclusion, I believe that one must approach analysing Therese Raquin outside of its historical context with caution as it can distort a modern day reader’s opinion as to whether this is a true Naturalist work due to the fact that a modern reader has been exposed to far more scandalous materials that may strike us a more gritty than Zola’s novel.However, from the extensive criticism and scandal that Therese Raquin stirred when it was first published, we can imagine that it was the one of most openly human and frank portrayals of life that the Victorians had been exposed to and so if we are to make a judgment in relation to its context, I believe it is a Naturalist novel. It also feels slightly awkward to debate the genre of Therese Raquin because its author was one of the most prolific and pioneering writers in Naturalism.Therefore I think it is valid to suggest that Therese Raquin may be t hought of as a defining work for the genre of Naturalism and we should, instead, speculate over other supposed Naturalist materials in relation to Zola’s novels. Rather that comparing Zola’s writing to a set of Naturalist criteria to the reinforce this novel’s validity as a member of the Naturalist genre, I am able to see the scaffolding that Zola created, allowing many Naturalist successors to build on to add more substance in order to write the more edgy literature we are familiar with today.Therese Raquin is a Naturalist novel that is not an imitation of reality but a scientific study of humanity. The author successfully presents the primitive and uncontrolled nature of humans in relation to their setting or circumstance with uncompromising and bold attention to detail. The novel displays the simple â€Å"application of the experimental method to the study of nature and of man†, which in itself is a definition of Naturalism. Select Bibliography 1.Emile Zola, Therese Raquin (1868) 2. Ferragus. La litterature putride , (Le Figaro. 23 January 1868) 3. Clarence R. Decker The Aesthetic Revolt against Naturalism in Victorian Criticism, p 845, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep. , 1938) 4. Charles Child Walcutt, American literary naturalism: a divided stream ( Minnesota, 1956) ——————————————– [ 2 ]. , M. H Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, 5th Edition (published ,San Francisco, 1988) [ 3 ].Emile Zola, Therese Raquin Preface de la deuxieme edition (1868) [ 4 ]. Emile Zola, Therese Raquin Preface de la deuxieme edition (1868). The author calls both Therese and Laurent â€Å"human brutes, [ 5 ]. Ferragus. La litterature putride , (Le Figaro. 23 January 1868) [ 6 ]. Clarence R. Decker The Aesthetic Revolt against Naturalism in Victorian Criticism, p 845, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Sep. , 1938) [ 7 ]. Charles Child Walcutt, American literary naturalism: a div ided stream ( Minnesota, 1956)